This study aimed at drawing attention to empirical and conceptual evidence to demonstrate and make the case for increased and sustained investment in agriculture by both public and private sector agents. The results of the study, which were discussed with senior policy-makers from SSA countries, suggest that there is room for hope, but that issues of widespread conflict, low public and private sector investment, and inappropriate macroeconomic and sectoral policies will need detailed attention. They will help to guide FAO’s policy assistance and programmes in the region.