This study presents a detailed review of the poultry sector in Ghana with an aim to provide in depth information on the linkages in the production chain and the role of the poultry sector in the national economy. Information on the history and current status of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) and the institutional experiences in the prevention and control of recent outbreaks are also reviewed. Published and grey literature, various reports and official documents were used in the preparation of this review. Another objective of this study is to provide information to assist the formulation of national and international strategies for minimizing the impacts of HPAI outbreaks and threats, especially on the livelihoods of resource-poor smallholder farmers.